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Antigüedad: 28 de junio de 2007
Último acceso: hace 4 horas
Vídeos vistos: 4423
Suscriptores: 5
Reproducciones del canal: 6236
Nombre: Spain
Edad: 28
Spain holds after Italy the largest number of UNESCO world heritage sites
Spain (Hispania) was the most important province of the Roman Empire. From Hispania came emperors (Trajan, Hadrian) philosophers (Seneca), poets (Marcial, Lucan)
St Isidoro de Sevilla
Spain defeated and expelled Moors from the Iberian Peninsula in defense of Europe:
Reconquista: 711-1492
Battles: Covadonga 722; Fernán González; El Cid; Simancas, 939; Toledo 1085; Navas de Tolosa 1212; Granada 1492
ALFONSO X EL SABIO
RAMÓN LLULL
During the 16 17 18 19 cents Spain would war constantly with Ottoman Turkish Empire & berbers in the Mediterranean
Algiers 1510
Túnez 1535
Castelnuovo 1539
Lepanto 1571
Tangiers 1580
Don Juan de Austria
Alvaro de Bazán
Continuing the Mediterranean EMPIRE OF THE CROWN OF ARAGON -removing Normans in Sicily (1282)- the Spanish Empire was the largest empire in history and the 1st GLOBAL empire with posessions in 5 continents:
Europe: parts of Germany and France,
Holland Belgium Luxembourg Milan Kingdom of Naples Sicily Sardinia Portugal
Africa
Asia
Oceania
and America: Buenos Aires to Alaska
ruled by 5 million
From 1492 to 1898 the Sun never set on the Spanish Empire
With Rome Spain is the greatest building force in History
Colonial arquitecture (Hospitals Cathedrals Universities Roads Palaces Printing Presses) in America and Asia during the 16 & 17th cents
In the 15 & 16th cents Spain was with Portugal the vanguard of European global discoveries
Spain opened trade routes across the oceans between Europe Asia & America
Due to Spanish missionaries the Philippines is a Christian nation in Asia
Legazpi
St Francisco Javier
Juan de la Cosa´s map of the world, the Mappa Mundi of 1500: oldest known European cartographic representation of the New World
Elcano (1st man to circumnavegate the globe)
Nunez de Balboa(1st European at Pacific Ocean)
Cabeza de Vaca
Coronado
Hernando de Soto
In the greatest military feat in epic terms in history, 500 Spaniards led by Cortes toppled the Aztec Empire
160 Spaniards led by Pizarro toppled the Inca Empire
Spanish missionaries ended massive human sacrifice rituals by Aztecs and Incas
From 1492 to 1643 the Spanish Empire was the foremost global power dominating the oceans and ruling the European battlefield with its infantry (Tercios)
Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
Battles: Garigliano (1503) Cerignola (1503) Bicoca (1522) Sesia (1524) Pavía(1525) Mühlberg (1547) Marciano (or Battle of Scannagallo) (1554) San Quintin (1556) Gravelinas (1558) Gemmingen (1568) San Juan de Ulúa (1568) Amberes (1576) Alcantara (1580) Punta Delgada (1582) A Coruña (1589) England (1595) Azores (1597)Ostende (1604)Fleurus (1622) Breda (1625) Tuttlingen (1625)Nördlingen (1634) Honnecourt (1642)
The "Spanish Road" connected Vienna and Brussels
Cultural Golden Age:
Rojas Picaresque Novel CERVANTES
Góngora Quevedo Gracián
Mystics: St Teresa St John of the Cross
St Ignacius & Jesuit Order
Playwrights: Lope Tirso Calderón
Music: Cabezón, Luis de Narváez
Luis de Milán, Tomás Luis de Victoria
Alonso Lobo
Painting: Sánchez Cotán El Greco VELÁZQUEZ
Arquitecture: Herrera, Gómez de Mora
Science: Juan Huarte, Servet
In the 15 16 17 18 and early 19 cents the Spanish Empire maintained the world´s largest territory
Confronted by the experiences of empire-building Spain´s thinkers formulated 1st modern ideas on:
biology: José de Acosta
anthropology: Vives
natural law: Suárez
etnology: Bernardino de Sahagún
sovereignty: Suárez, Mariana
international law: Francisco de Vitoria
war: Vitoria
and economics: Mariana, Soto
Even questioning the legitimacy of imperialism
See SCHOOL OF SALAMANCA
1st Human Rights Debates in History
Spain's European Empire was not undone till 1713 (Peace of Utrecht)
Paradoxically Spain's fortunes improved:
Blas de Lezo: Battle of Cartagena, 1741
Bernardo Gálvez: Independence of USA
Malaspina expedition
Balmis expedition: 1st sanitary expedition in History
Goya
Ventura Rodriguez
Juan de Villanueva: Prado Museum
Spain maintained its overseas empire until the 19th cent
Spain was a major force in the defeat of Napoleon
Spain was the 1st occupied nation to rebel
Battle of Bailén (1808): 1st defeat of the Grand Armée
Battle of Tetuán, 1859
Spain retained fragments of its Empire
in the Caribbean; Asia (Philippines)
and Oceania: Guam Micronesia Palau and Northern Marianas
until 1898
Spain had a 2nd cultural Golden Age from 1898 to the Spanish Civil War -most written about war in history
Painting: Fortuny Rusiñol Sorolla Picasso Dalí
Literature: Galdós Clarín Machado Lorca, Miguel Hernández
Philosophy: Santayana Unamuno Ortega
Film: Buñuel Berlanga
Arquitecture: Gaudí Calatrava
Music: Mompou Falla Granados Tárrega Turina Albéniz, Joaquin Rodrigo
Medicine: Ramón y Cajal, Severo Ochoa, Grande Covián
País: España
Intereses y aficiones: The CROWN OF ARAGÓN was a permanent union of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of Aragon.
At the height of its power by the 14th and 15th centuries, the Crown of Aragon was a thalassocracy controlling a large portion of the present-day eastern Spain, Southeastern France, as well as some of the major islands and mainland possessions stretching across the Mediterranean Sea as far as Greece.
SPANISH EMPIRE TERRITORIES:
(A NOTE ON EMPIRE SIZE:
Wiki includes Charles III´s Empire not Philip II´s, wich included under Spain (see Battle of Alcantara, 1580) the Portuguese Empire, from 1580 to 1680. They call it Iberian union. Its name was SPANISH UNIVERSAL MONARCHY, never Iberian Union.
Also: Spain had possesions in Europe; Brits in Africa: big difference.
And the mongolians only in 1 continent: Spain in 5.)
During its Siglo de Oro, the Spanish Empire had possession of the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Italy, parts of Germany, parts of France, and many colonies in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. With the conquest of inland Mexico, Peru, and the Philippines in the 16th century, Spain established overseas dominions on a scale and world distribution that had never been approached by its predecessors (the Mongol Empire was restricted to Eurasia). Possessions in Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, the Americas, the Pacific Ocean, and the Far East.
-EUROPE:
-Spain of course
-Balearic Islands
-Kingdom of Naples
(Naples,Sicily,Sardinia and Malta(this last donated to the order of knights of St.John(Hospital order).
-Low countries(Belgium,Luxemburg,Ho lland,Flanders)
-Kingdom of Portugal(until 1640).
-Parts of France and Germany.
-AFRICA:
Mazagán,Larache,Tetuan,Casabla nca,Cazaza,mazalquivir,Orán,Ar gel,Bugia,Tripoli,Tunis,La mamora,Tánger,Mazagán,Spanish Guinea(until 1968), Ifni(until 1969),Spanish Sahara(until 1975), Spanish protectorate of Morocco(until 1956), Cabo Juby(until 1958),
Ceuta,Melilla,Canary islands,Chafarinas islands,Peñon de Alhucemas,Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera,Perejil island and Alborán island.
-ASIA:
Filipinas(until 1898)
Cambodia
Taiwan
new guinea and Borneo
Ternate and Tidore(Indonesia)
Macao(until the independence of Portugal from Spain in 1640)
Nagasaki(Japan)
Malaca(Malaysia).
-AMERICA:
VICEROYALTY OF NEW SPAIN:
México,California,New México,Arizona,Texas,Nevada,Florida,Utah and part of Colorado,Wyoming,Kansas and Oklahoma.
GENERAL CAPTAINCY OF GUATEMALA:
Guatemala,El salvador,Nicaragua,Honduras,Co sta Rica and the mexican state of Chiapas.
LUISIANA:
Donated by France for Spain.Includes:Luisiana,Arkans as,Oklahoma,Kansas,Nebraska,so uth Dakota,North Dakota,Wyoming,Montana,Idaho,
Minnesota and Iowa.
NOOTKA TERRITORY:
Oregon,Idaho,Montana,Washingto n,part of south Alaska and Britanic Columbia.
VICEROYALTY OF NEW GRANADA:
Panamá,Colombia and middle part of Ecuador.
GENERAL CAPTAINCY OF VENEZUELA:
Venezuela.
VICEROYALTY OF PERÚ:
Perú,Bolivia,the second middle part of Ecuador,North of Chile and territories in Brasil.
VICEROYALTY OF RIO DE LA PLATA(RIVER PLATE):
Argentina,Paraguay,Uruguay,part of Brasil and Malvinas Islands.
GENERAL CAPTAINCY OF CHILE:
Chile and Patagonia region.
GENERAL CAPTAINCY OF CUBA:
Cuba,Puerto Rico,Dominican republic,Bahamas,Antigua y Barbuda,Trinidad and Tobago,Granada,Jamaica,San Cristobal and Nevis,Dominica,Barbados and Santa Lucía.
-OCEANIA:
Guam, Carolinas, Marianas and Palaos islands.
Películas y espectáculos: LIST OF UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN SPAIN
Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzín, Granada
Burgos Cathedral
Historic Centre of Cordoba
Monastery and Site of the Escurial, Madrid
Works of Antoni Gaudí
Altamira Cave
Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of the Asturias
Old Town of Ávila with its Extra-Muros Churches
Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct
Santiago de Compostela (Old Town)
Garajonay National Park
Historic City of Toledo
Mudejar Architecture of Aragon
Old Town of Cáceres
Cathedral, Alcázar and Archivo de Indias in Seville
Old City of Salamanca
Poblet Monastery
Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida
Route of Santiago de Compostela
Royal Monastery of Santa María de Guadalupe
Doñana National Park
Historic Walled Town of Cuenca
La Lonja de la Seda de Valencia
Las Médulas
Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona
Pyrénées - Mont Perdu
San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries
Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula
University and Historic Precinct of Alcalá de Henares
Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture
San Cristóbal de La Laguna
Archaeological Ensemble of Tárraco
Archaeological Site of Atapuerca
Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí
Palmeral of Elche
Roman Walls of Lugo
Aranjuez Cultural Landscape
Renaissance Monumental Ensembles of Úbeda and Baeza
Vizcaya Bridge
Teide National Park
SPAIN´S COLONIAL ARQUITECTURE BUILT AROUND THE WORLD.
COLONIAL ARQUITECTURE AND CITIES CONSIDERED WORLD HERITAGE SITES BY UNESCO BUILT BY SPANIARDS:
-Jesuit Missions all over Argentina
-Córdoba (Argentina)
-Potosí (Bolivia)
-Sucre (Bolivia)
-Jesuit mission of Chapitas (Chile)
-Chrches of Chiloe(Chile)
-Seaport of Valparaíso (Chile)
-Santa cruz of Mompox (Colombia)
-Old colonial cities of Cienfuegos, Santiago, La Habana (Cuba)
-Colonial city of Santo DOmingo (Dominican Republic)
-Quito(Ecuador)
-Old colonial city of Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic)
-Quito and Santa Ana de los Ríos de la Cuenca (Ecuador)
-Antigua Guatemala
-MEXICO:
-Historic Centre of Mexico City and Xochimilco
-Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological -Site of Monte Albán
-Historic Centre of Puebla
-Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines
-Historic Centre of Morelia
-Historic Centre of Zacatecas
-Paintings of the Sierra de San Francisco
-Earliest 16th-Century Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatepetl
-Historic Monuments Zone of Querétaro
-Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara
-Archeological Zone of Paquimé, Casas Grandes
-Historic Monuments Zone of Tlacotalpan
-Archaeological Monuments Zone of Xochicalco
-Historic Fortified Town of Campeche
-Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro
-Luis Barragán House and Studio
-Facilities of Tequila
-Central University City Campus of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
SPAIN´S ARQUITECTURE IN PANAMÁ (UNESCO):
-Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo
-Archaeological Site of Panamá Viejo and Historic District of Panamá
PARAGUAY:
-Jesuit Missions of La Santísima Trinidad de Paraná and Jesús de Tavarangue
PERÚ:
-City of Cuzco
-Historic Centre of Lima
-Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Pampas de Jumana
-Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa
SPAIN´S ARQUITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES (UNESCO):
-Baroque Churches of the Philippines
-Historic Town of Vigan
SPAIN´S ARQUITECTURE IN URUGUAY (UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES):
- Historic Quarter of the City of Colonia del Sacramento
VENEZUELA
-Coro and its Port
-Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas
Música: SOME SPANISH DISCOVERIES, INVENTIONS AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS:
-RAMÓN LLULL, pioneer of computation theory.
Some computer scientists have adopted Llull as a founding father, claiming that his system of logic was the beginning of information science.
-World research in CARTOGRAPHY and COSMOGRAPHY in the XVI and XVII cents. (Map of Juan de la Cosa)
- Juan Huarte de San Juan (c. 1530-1592), Spanish physician and psychologist. Examen de ingenios para las ciencias (1575) won him a European reputation, and was translated by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. 1st first attempt to show the connection between psychology and PHYSIOLOGY, and its acute ingenuity is as remarkable as the boldness of its views. During the 16th, 17th and 18th century, the Examen was translated into six European languages: French, Italian, English, Latin, German and Dutch.
-CIRCULATION OF BLOOD (Miguel Servet)
-Francisco Hernández(1514) 1st Scientific study of AMERICAN NATURE.
-Foundation of modern BIOLOGY: José de Acosta´s (1540-1600): Historia Natural y Moral de las Indias. (The 1st formulation of Darwin´s theory)
-PLATINUM (Antonio Ulloa)
-SUBMARINE Isaac Peral (1851 -- 1895) was a Spanish scientist, sailor and inventor of the Peral Submarine (built 1884, launched 1888). Intended for military use, this submarine pioneered new designs in the hull, control systems and air systems, proving a success in two years of trials. Its ability to fire torpedoes under water while maintaining full propulsive power and control has led some to call it the first U-boat.
-HELICOPTER (De la Cierva)
-ARQUEBUS(Arcabuz),afterwards: the Mosquet.
-The best driving and articulated train(TALGO)the father of today trains.
-GUITAR(made from the medieval vihuela).
-The GALLEON (the most advanced navy in the XV, XVI, XVII cents).
-The TELEKINO(Radio-control systems today).
-The DIGITAL CALCULATOR (Leonardo -Torres Quevedo).
-BAROCICLOMETER NEFOSCOPY AND MICROSISMOGRAPH (for the measure of weather, thyphoons and hurricanes)
-Ramón y Cajal: discoverer of the central nervous system and founder of HYSTOLOGY
-Severo Ochoa: synthesis of RNA.
-Francisco Grande Covián: father of MODERN DIETETICS.
-José Calbet Benach: Indiba
SEE: JOSÉ MARÍA LÓPEZ PIÑERO, DICCIONARIO HISTÓRICO DE LA CIENCIA MODERNA EN ESPAÑA.
Libros: According to the English Historian BEDE THE VENERABLE (675-755), Europe is made up essentially of GALIA, GERMANY SPAIN,ITALY.
The claim of GOTHIC ORIGINS led to a clash with the Swedish delegation at the COUNCIL OF BASIL, 1434. Before the assembled cardinals and delegations could undertake the theological discussions, they had to decide how to sit during the proceedings. The delegations from the more prominent nations were to sit closest to the Pope, and there were also disputes about who was to have the finest chairs and who was to have their chairs on mats. In some cases they compromised so that some would have half a chair leg on the rim of a mat. In this conflict, the bishop of Växjö, Nicolaus Ragvaldi claimed that the Swedes were the descendants of the great Goths, and that the people of Västergötland (Westrogothia in Latin) were the Visigoths and the people of Östergötland (Ostrogothia in Latin) were the Ostrogoths. The Spanish delegation then retorted that it was only the lazy and unenterprising Goths who had remained in Sweden, whereas the HEROIC GOTHS, on the other hand, had left Sweden, invaded the Roman empire and settled in SPAIN.
For 150 YEARS, the SPANISH EMPIRE dominated the oceans with its experienced navy and ruled the European battlefield with its fearsome and well trained infantry, the famous tercios, and in the words of the prominent French historian Pierre Vilar, enacting THE MOST EXTRAORDINARY EPIC IN HUMAN HISTORY.
GEORGE ORWELL: A Spaniard´s generosity, in the ordinary sense of the word, is at times almost embarrasing. If you ask him for a cigarrete, he will force the whole pack upon you...They have, there is no doubt, a generosity, a species of nobility, that do not really belong to the XX cent (Hommage to Catalonia).
CARLYLE: Spain is the most noble European nation (The Sign of the Times).
GERALD BRENAN: Spaniards are the most humane people in Europe (The Spanish Labyrinth).
