Petra (from πέτρα "petra", rock in Greek; Arabic: البتراء, Al-Butrā) is an archaeological
Petra (from πέτρα "petra", rock in Greek; Arabic: البتراء, Al-Butrā) is an archaeological site in Jordan, lying in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of Arabah (Wadi Araba), the large valley running from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. It is famous for having many stone structures carved into the rock. The long-hidden site was revealed to the Western world by the Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt in 1812. It was famously described as "a rose-red city half as old as time" in a Newdigate prize-winning sonnet by John William Burgon. Burgon had not actually visited Petra, which remained accessible only to Europeans accompanied by local guides with armed escorts, until after World War I.
Geography
Rekem is an ancient name for Petra and appears in Dead Sea scrolls such as 4Q462 associated with Mount Seir. Additionally, Eusebius and Jerome (Onom. sacr. 286, 71. 145, 9; 228, 55. 287, 94) assert that Rekem was the native name of Petra, supposedly on the authority of Josephus (Antiquities iv. 7, 1~ 4, 7), Pliny the Elder and other writers identify Petra as the capital of the Nabataeans, Aramaic-speaking Semites, and the centre of their caravan trade. Enclosed by towering rocks and watered by a perennial stream, Petra not only possessed the advantages of a fortress but controlled the main commercial routes which passed through it to Gaza in the west, to Bosra and Damascus in the north, to Aqaba and Leuce Come on the Red Sea, and across the desert to the Persian Gulf.
Excavations have demonstrated that it was the ability of the Nabateans to control the water supply that led to the rise of the desert city, in effect creating an artificial oasis. The area is visited by flash floods and archaeological evidence demonstrates the Nabateans controlled these floods by the use of dams, cisterns and water conduits. Thus, stored water could be employed even during prolonged periods of drought, and the city prospered from its sale.
Although in ancient times Petra might have been approached from the south (via Saudi Arabia on a track leading around Jabal Haroun, Aaron's Mountain, on across the plain of Petra), or possibly from the high plateau to the north, most modern visitors approach the ancient site from the east. The impressive eastern entrance leads steeply down through a dark and narrow gorge (in places only 3-4 metres wide) called the Siq (the shaft), a natural geological feature formed from a deep split in the sandstone rocks and serving as a waterway flowing into Wadi Musa. At the end of the narrow gorge stands Petra's most elaborate ruin, Al Khazneh ("the Treasury") hewn directly out of the sandstone cliff.
A little farther from the Treasury, at the foot of the mountain called en-Nejr is a massive theatre, so placed as to bring the greatest number of tombs within view; and at the point where the valley opens out into the plain the site of the city is revealed with striking effect. Indeed, the amphitheatre has actually been cut into the hillside and into several of the tombs during its construction, rectangular gaps in the seating are still visible. Almost enclosing it on three sides are rose-coloured mountain walls, divided into groups by deep fissures, and lined with tombs cut from the rock in the form of towers.
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From mountain ranges of the Atlas to the North, to Sudan to the South, and from Egypt to t
From mountain ranges of the Atlas to the North, to Sudan to the South, and from Egypt to the East, to the Atlantic Ocean to the West. With 8 million square kilometers, this desert is a really difficult place for any type of archaeological or scientific investigation. In 1933 an official of the mehariana policia, Brenans lieutenant, crossed in police functions the zone of the Tube of Tassili-n-Azyer and arrived at a denominated valley Ighargharen. Brenans discovered between...
The rocky walls everything an enormous painting group improbable (more than 5,000) done on the stone. Before his eyes there were representations of giraffes, gigantic elephants with the tube in stop, hipopótamos, animals and humanoides figures. But he was explorer Henri Lhote whom it presented the entire world this one finding Prehistoric Art in year 1.957. Henry Lhote classified the great amount of pictografías in twelve groups: - Beings of round head.
And horns of small size. - Devils. - Drawings of the average period with men of round head. - Men of evolved round head. - declining Period of the round heads. - Men of round head very evolved. - Period of the peace judges or terminal. - longilíneos white Men of the prebovidense period. - Hunters with corporal paintings of the old bovidense period. - bovidense Style. - Period of the cars. - Period of the mounted horses or the bitriangular men. Of all paintings most...
Amazing she is the one than one sees a species of diver with his complete suit and diving apparatus with grooves in his frontal part that reflects to have a clumsy movement giving the impression of levitar or flying tied to something by means of a long cable. To this drawing, of six meters of height, Henry Lhote the great Martian God called "". Another very interesting painting is the one that was baptized as "the fluted woman" and represents a feminine figure (that seems is floating)...
With long arms extended backwards, towing to another being put of knees and bent towards ahead with indifferent gesture to the scene, whereas another one appears leaving a strange disc. Peculiarly there are many discs made in dierentes colors and all seem to be floating. Tassili has been declared by UNESCO like Cultural Patrimony of the Humanity and for some experts it is "the Sistine Chapel of the paleolítico", with paintings that in some cases reach the 10,000 years of antiquity.
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Las Pléyades (que significa "palomas" en griego), también conocidas como Objeto Messier 45
Las Pléyades (que significa "palomas" en griego), también conocidas como Objeto Messier 45, Messier 45, M45, Las Siete Hermanas o Cabrillas, es un objeto visible a simple vista en el cielo nocturno con un prominente lugar en la mitología antigua, situado a un costado de la constelación Tauro. Las Pléyades son un puñado de estrellas muy jóvenes las cuales se sitúan a una distancia aproximada de 450 años luz de la Tierra y están contenidas en un espacio de treinta años luz. Se formaron aproximadamente hace apenas unos 100 millones de años, durante la era Mesozoica en la Tierra, a partir del colapso de una nube de gas interestelar. Las estrellas más grandes y brillantes del cúmulo son de color blanco-azulado y cerca de cinco veces más grandes que el Sol.
La distancia al cúmulo ha sido estimada por muchos métodos, pues es un paso importante en la calibración de las distancias en el universo. El conocimiento exacto de la distancia de las Pléyades le permite a los astrónomos trazar un diagrama de Hertzsprung-Russell, para estimar la distancia a otros cúmulos desconocidos. Otros métodos pueden entonces extender la escala de distancia, de cúmulos abiertos a galaxias y posteriormente a cúmulos de galaxias, permitiendo construir una escala cósmica de distancias.
Los resultados anteriores al lanzamiento del satélite Hipparcos encontraron que las Pléyades estaban aproximadamente a unos 135 parsec (440 años luz) de la Tierra. Hipparcos causó consternación entre los astrónomos al encontrar una distancia de solamente 118 parsec (384,7 años luz) midiendo el paralaje de algunas estrellas del cúmulo, una técnica que debe de indicar los resultados más directos y exactos. Trabajos más recientes han encontrado que la distancia calculada por Hipparcos era errónea, si bien se desconoce la causa de este error. La distancia específica de las Pléyades todavía se desconoce, pero actualmente se piensa que la verdadera distancia es mayor que 135 parsec.
El cúmulo tiene unos 12 años luz de diámetro y contiene un total aproximadamente 500 estrellas. Está dominada por estrellas azules jóvenes, de las cuales 8 pueden ser observadas a simple vista dependiendo de las condiciones atmosféricas (cielos muy limpios y ausencia de Luna): Taygeta, Pleione, Merope, Maia, Electra, Celaeno, Atlas y Alcyone
El orden de sus estrellas más brillantes es parecido al de la Osa Mayor y Osa Menor, con una masa total estimada en unas 800 masas solares.
El cúmulo está compuesto en una buena parte por enanas marrones —objetos con menos del 8% de la masa solar, los cuales son demasiado livianos para ser estrellas. Puede que estos objetos constituyan aproximadamente el 25% de la población total del cúmulo, a pesar de que sólo contribuyan al 2% su masa total. También, presentes en el cúmulo están las enanas blancas, las cuales contradicen la posible edad del cúmulo. Debido a la corta edad del cúmulos, no se espera que las estrellas normales puedan haber evolucionado para convertirse en enanas blancas. Se cree que en vez de ser estrellas individuales de poca o mediana masa, los progenitores de estas estrellas eran masivas y orbitaban en sistemas binarios. Durante su rápida evolución, la transferencia de masa de la estrella más masiva a su acompañante, pudo haber acelerado su evolución hacia una enana blanca.
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Orión, el Cazador, es una constelación prominente, quizás la mejor conocida del cielo. Sus
Orión, el Cazador, es una constelación prominente, quizás la mejor conocida del cielo. Sus estrellas brillantes y visibles desde ambos hemisferios en invierno hacen que esta constelación sea reconocida universalmente.
Orión se encuentra cerca de la constelación del río Eridanus y apoyado por sus dos perros de caza Canis Major y Canis Minor peleando con la constelación del Tauro.
Estrellas principales * α Ori , conocida como Betelgeuse. * β Ori, conocida como Rigel. * γ Ori, conocida como Bellatrix. * δ Ori, conocida como Mintaka. * ε Ori, conocida como Alnilam. * ζ Ori, conocida como Alnitak. * η Ori, conocida como Eta Orionis. * ι Ori, conocida como Hatsya. * κ Ori, conocida como Saiph. * λ Ori, conocida como Meissa.
Las estrellas Alnitak, Alnilam, y Mintaka, forman el conocido cinturón de Orión, y se conocen también como las tres Marías.
Objetos notables
El Complejo de Nubes Moleculares de Orión. Es una gigantesca estructura de hidrógeno, polvo, plasma y estrellas nacientes que abarca la mayor parte de la constelación. El complejo, ubicado a una distancia de 1.500 años luz de la Tierra, está formado por nebulosas de emisión, nebulosas de reflexión, nebulosas oscuras y regiones HII.Destaca especialmente por ser una región de intensa formación estelar y por las extraordinarias nebulosas que la forman: * M42 La Gran Nebulosa de Orión * M43 la Nebulosa de De Mairan * M78 * El Bucle Barnard * La Nebulosa de la Cabeza del Caballo * La Nebulosa IC 434 * NGC 2024 la Nebulosa La Flama * La Nube Molecular de Orión 1 * La Nube Molecular de Orión 2
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"El pasado abundó en dioses desconocidos que visitaron la Tierra primitiva en naves espaci
"El pasado abundó en dioses desconocidos que visitaron la Tierra primitiva en naves espaciales tripuladas", dice Erich Von Däniken en su libro de 1968 sobre la existencia de extraterrestres titulado Chariots of the gods?. Esta obra popularizó la irreprimible idea del autor de que visitantes del espacio se aparearon con los ancestros humanos para crear una raza de inteligencia superior. Para apoyar su teoría sobre antiguos astronautas, Von Däniken y otros que coincidían con él examinaron los monumentos, obras de arte y artefactos de antiguas culturas. Basando su conclusión en investigaciones que según él mismo admitió tenían ciertas fallas, sostuvo que algunos de esos artefactos representaban naves espaciales y viajeros cósmicos que descendieron a la Tierra en tiempos primitivos.
Para algunos investigadores de ovnis, los acontecimientos trascendentales presentados en la Biblia tienen un significado que supera el alcance de cualquier religión organizada. Estos investigadores ven en las crónicas una historia escrita única en apariciones de ovnis. Examinada desde este punto de vista, la Biblia brinda docenas de ejemplos de objetos voladores no identificados. Casi cualquier visión en los cielos puede verse como una visita extraterrestre. Algunos Ufólogos, por ejemplo, creen que la estrella de Belén que condujo a los tres reyes magos al infante Jesús, era un plato volador. Y un predicador neoyorquino llegó a la conclusión de que Dios podría haber sido un extraterrestre deseoso de guiar a los seres humanos durante las crisis terrenas. En apoyo de las suposiciones de los ufólogos bíblicos existe, además, una iconografía histórica muy abundante.
"Last expounded on unknown gods who visited Earth in early manned spacecraft," says Erich Von theory in his book 1968 about the existence of extraterrestrials entitled Chariots of the gods? . This book popularized the idea irrepressible author's visitors space is mated with human ancestors to create a race of superior intelligence. To support his theory on ancient astronauts, Von Däniken and others who agree with him examined monuments, works of art and artifacts from ancient cultures. Basing his conclusion on research he admitted himself had certain flaws, said that some of those devices accounted spacecraft and cosmic travelers who fell to Earth in primitive times.
For some UFO researchers, the momentous events presented in the Bible have a significance that goes beyond the scope of any organized religion. These researchers see in the chronicles a story written only in appearances UFO. Considered from this perspective, the Bible offers dozens of examples of unidentified flying objects. Almost any vision in the heavens can be seen as an extraterrestrial visit. Some Ufólogos, for example, believe that the star of Bethlehem that led the three wise men to the infant Jesus, was a dish flying. And a New York preacher came to the conclusion that God could have been an extraterrestrial eager to guide humans during crises earth. In support of the assumptions of the Bible distributed there, in addition, an abundant historical iconography.
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Rodrigo (or Ruy) Díaz de Vivar (Vivar (Burgos) c. 1044--Valencia, 10 July 1099), known as
Rodrigo (or Ruy) Díaz de Vivar (Vivar (Burgos) c. 1044--Valencia, 10 July 1099), known as El Cid Campeador, was a Castilian nobleman, then military and political leader who conquered and governed the city of Valencia. Rodrigo Díaz was educated in the royal court of Castile and became the alférez, or chief general, of Alfonso VI, fighting against the Moors in the early Reconquista. Later exiled by the king, El Cid left service in Castile and worked as a mercenary for other rulers, both Muslim and Christian.
"El Cid" is derived from the word al-sīd in the Andalusian Arabic dialect (from the Arabic sayyid, "chief" or "lord," a title of respect), while the title El Campeador (the champion) was granted by his Christian admirers and derives from the Latin campi doctor. These titles reflected the great esteem El Cid had among both Moors and Christians, as well as his fighting ability; Henry Edwards Watts wrote that el campeador "[m]eans in Spanish something more special than 'champion'.... A campeador was a man who had fought and beaten the select fighting-man of the opposite side in the presence of the two armies."
"El Cid" was pronounced [ɛlˈtsið] in medieval Spanish, and [ɛlˈθið] in modern Castilian Spanish.
The exact date of El Cid's birth is unknown, however, most historians believe that El Cid was born in the year of 1040, in Vivar (Bivar), a small town about six miles north of Burgos, the capital of Castile. Historical records show that El Cid's father was Diego Laínez, who was part of the minor nobility (infanzones) of Castile. Diego Laínez was a courtier, bureaucrat, and cavalryman who had fought in several battles. Despite the fact that El Cid's mother's family was aristocratic, in later years the peasants would consider him one of their own. However, his relatives were not major court officials: documents show that El Cid's paternal grandfather, Lain Calvo, only confirmed five documents of Ferdinand I's; his maternal grandfather, Rodrigo Alvarez, certified only two of Sancho II's; the Cid's own father confirmed only one. This seems to indicate that El Cid's family was not composed of major court officials.
Babieca was the steed of the Spanish military leader El Cid in the eleventh century. Several stories exist about the Cid and Babieca.
One well-known legend about the Cid describes how he acquired his famous war-horse, the white stallion Babieca (Bavieca). According to this story, Rodrigo's godfather, Pedro El Grande, was a monk at a Carthusian monastery. Pedro's coming-of-age gift to El Cid was his pick of a horse from an Andalusian herd. El Cid picked a horse that his godfather thought was a weak, poor choice, causing the monk to exclaim "Babieca!" (stupid!) Hence, it became the name of El Cid's horse. Another legend states that in a competition of battle to become King Sancho's "Campeador", or champion, a knight on horseback wished to challenge the Cid. The King wished a fair fight and gave the Cid his finest horse, Babieca, or Bavieca. This version says Bavieca was raised in the royal stables of Seville and was a highly trained and loyal war horse, not a foolish stallion. The name in this instance could suggest that the horse came from the Babia region in León, Spain.
In either case, Babieca became a great warhorse, famous to the Christians, feared by El Cid's enemies, and loved by the Cid, who allegedly requested that Babieca be buried with him in the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña (he wasn't). His name is mentioned in several tales and historical documents about El Cid, including "Cantar de Mío Cid" ("Song of the Cid"). Some say that after the Cid's death in combat, Babieca was never mounted again and died two years later at the age of forty.
El Cid was educated in the Castilian royal court, serving the prince and future king Sancho II, the son of King Ferdinand I (the Great). When Ferdinand died in 1065, Sancho continued his father's goal of enlarging his territory, conquering the Christian and the Moorish cities of Zamora and Badajoz.
By this time, the Cid was an adult. He had, in 1067, fought alongside Sancho against the Moorish stronghold of Zaragoza, making its emir al-Muqtadir a vassal of Sancho. In the spring of 1063, he fought in the Battle of Graus, where Ferdinand's half-brother, Ramiro I of Aragon, was laying siege to the Moorish town of Graus which was in Zaragozan lands. Al-Muqtadir, accompanied by Castilian troops including the Cid, fought against the Aragonese. The party would emerge victorious, Ramiro I was killed, and the Aragonese fled the field. One legend has said that during the conflict El Cid killed an Aragonese knight in single combat, giving him the honorific title of "El Cid Campeador".
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Las piedras representan una amplia variedad de escenas: dinosaurios, tecnología avanzada,
Las piedras representan una amplia variedad de escenas: dinosaurios, tecnología avanzada, cirugías, mapas, y hasta pornografía. Si bien estas escenas pueden ser ambiguas, muestran conocimientos de cosas que, según la ciencia moderna, son totalmente anacrónicas (ver Oopart). Todo esto ha llamado la atención de gente que tiende a dudar de la ciencia moderna, como los creacionistas, los que buscan justificaciones históricas para la mitología, o los creyentes en la ufología.
Cabrera describió muchas de las escenas en un ensayo, para poder contar la historia de la supuesta civilización que, según él, había creado las piedras. Creía que estas tecnologías antiguas pertenecieron a lo que él llamó el Hombre de Gliptolithic, una supuesta raza extraterrestre. Según la historia descrita por Cabrera, esta raza habría llegado hace mucho tiempo, el suficiente como para coexistir con los dinosaurios, y creó genéticamente al hombre moderno. Algún tiempo después, se habrían marchado a otro planeta, utilizando las cercanas líneas de Nazca como pista de aterrizaje, antes de que ocurriera alguna catástrofe.
En la actualidad aún sigue el comercio de piedras que pueden encontrarse en Lima, Ica, Ocucaje, Santiago y otros municipios del departamento de Ica. La mayor colección de piedras puede verse en Ica, en la plaza de armas de la ciudad, previa cita telefónica con Enma, la secretaria del difunto doctor Javier Cabrera Darquea.
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After Vernon had taken Portobelo in 1739 with relative ease (because there were more civil
After Vernon had taken Portobelo in 1739 with relative ease (because there were more civilians than troops there), he set sail with his invading force destined for Cartagena. The English were very cautious of de Lezo when put on the offensive, but the braggart Vernon in misjudgement wrote de Lezo a letter and a challenge. He answered Vernon's letter in Cartagena: "If I had been in Portebelo, you would not have assaulted the fortress of my master, the King, with impunity because I could have supplied the valor the defenders of Portebelo lacked and checked their cowardice..." It is known Admiral Vernon left Cartagena in bitter defeat and embarassment in 1741 sailing back to England for showers of a hero's welcome.
In all, Blas de Lezo had 39 years of superior sea duty that the best Englishmen would be jealous of, even the much heralded Admiral Nelson. In ending this history note, the badly defeated Admiral Vernon was vindicated and was later entombed with other British heroes at West Minister Abby. The tough, victorious Basque from Spain has no known grave. His wasted worn out body with tropical disease finally gave out on September 7, 1741, in the city he saved.
When England's Admiral Nelson made his famous but unjustified remark in 1793 that the DONS knew how to make ships and not men, he had left out one truly brilliant Spanish naval hero, Don Blas de Lezo, an equal to any Englishmen who ever sailed the high seas in a SHIP OF THE LINE UNDER FULL SAIL.
I also read fairly recently an article in World Coin News by Thomas H. Sebring, April 1998 issue, in which he mentions de Lezo "escaping" England's Admiral Vernon. Well it would be like two prize fighters in a boxing ring where the underdog knocks out the champion, and later the champion after waking up saying "the guy that knocked me out escaped!"
There was not much information about de Lezo in English texts. I had to look in Spanish references for translations. Also there is some new info about England's disaster in Cartagena which has surfaced in recent years. Naturally, England will not publish it. They are still not up to giving this man his just dues to this day. I hope by printing this account I have helped history in some way.
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